Quoting
Jean-Pierre Vernant
In the language and mentality of the ancient Greeks, the concepts of knowledge and of action appear to be integrally connected. Where a modern reader expects to find a formula expressing will he instead finds one expressing knowledge. In this sense Socrates' declaration, repeated by Plato, that wrongdoing is ignorance, a lack of understanding, was not so paradoxical as it seems to us today. It is in effect a very clear extension of the most ancient ideas about misdeeds attested in the pre-legal (préjuridique) state of society, before the advent of the city-state. In this context, a misdeed, hamartēma, is seen at the same time as a "mistake" made by the mind, as a religious-defilement, and as a moral weakness. Hamartanein means to make a mistake in the strongest sense of an error of the intelligence, a blindness that entails failure. Hamartia is a mental sickness, the criminal who is prey to madness, a man who has lost his senses, a demens, hamartinoos. This madness in committing a misdeed or, to give it its Greek name, this atē or Erinus, takes over the individual from within. It penetrates him like an evil religious force. But even while to some extent it becomes identified with him, it at the same time remains separate, beyond him. The defilement of crime is contiguous and attaches itself, over and beyond the individual to his whole lineage, the whole circle of his relatives. It may affect an entire town, pollute a whole territory.