PDA

View Full Version : Psycho (1998)



trotchky
07-14-2008, 03:37 AM
What do you think of Gus Van Sant's Psycho?

Here's the first half of something I wrote about it. The second half (it'll be about queer theory and post-structuralism!) will be post (by me!) soon!

When Gus Van Sant’s remake of Psycho was released in 1998, all Hell broke loose; reactions from the critical community tended towards either abject outrage or the sheepish concession that it might be an interesting experiment, albeit a failed one; meanwhile, a genuinely-hoodwinked public rejected the film outright (understandably) after promising opening weekend grosses, much to the chagrin of the presumably equally-hoodwinked Universal Studios, who, hot on the heels of Van Sant’s Oscar-winning Good Will Hunting, must have had enough faith in the hottest-name-in-Hollywood director to sink twenty-million bucks into his epically-experimental genrefuck monsterpiece.

Their loss is our gain, however, as Psycho contains as much auteurist marking as any of Van Sant’s later, “death trilogy,” films; that it requires prior knowledge of the Hitchock film and (ideally) that film’s impact on movie-making in order for it to work at all may or may not be a failing on Van Sant’s part, but it almost certainly limits the audience to which the movie will have any appeal at all to mainly critics and film buffs. This might sound like the work of an elitist, academic director pandering to out-of-touch, reductive critics, but the film is nothing if not iconoclastic, and Van Sant means to challenge the critical establishment’s arbitration of quality, and, much more significantly, meaning, by ostensibly queering Psycho.

Utilizing the talents of cinematographer Christopher Doyle, Van Sant slathers the decor and clothing of his film with a vibrant Crayola-palette, which emphasizes every artificiality and generally camps-up the whole affair. Beginning with a neon-green-rendition of Psycho’s iconic opening credit sequence, Van Sant’s movie is in-your-face as hell about its transition to color; the effect is that, despite—or maybe because of—its being a shot-for-shot remake of the original, the film blindingly draws attention to its autonomy from Hitchcock’s film in what can only result in an intense case of cognitive dissonance for Psycho fans.

Michael Koresky of Reverse Shot describes it as an act of “self-sabotage”; destroying the shadowy danger and mystery of Hitchcock’s film with a “bright, even sunny” color palette, Van Sant effectively forces a massive dichotomy between the two Psychos.

Van Sant’s cotton-candy-color-scheme isn’t ugly—in fact, it’s gorgeously kitschy and decadent, and audience appreciation of its vibrant sumptuousness is not just separate from, but requires outright rejection, of the original film’s suspense/horror intentions. Its “popsicle slowly melting into a puddle”-color-scheme isn’t Psycho ‘98’s only formal subversion, however; just as he “perfects” every camera movement Hitchcock allegedly wanted but didn’t have the technology to achieve (like the opening helicopter-shot into the hotel room), Van Sant’s minutely-mapped-out, rigid aesthetic stretches and strains for life, which—get this—he provides with various almost-intrusive organic moments. In a film whose very shot-for-shot concept demands careful, academic control, these moments, like the bird flittering outside Marion’s window the second time we see her in her underwear, are jarring next to the calculated artificiality of everything else around them.

These introductions of life (and deviancies from the Hitchcock original) culminate with an extended shot of a static south-western landscape over the end credits; whereas the original Psycho concludes, score-drenched, in the muck with a car, a corpse, and a bundle of money, the remake concludes with the ambiguous image of a natural (and neutral) landscape and ambient noises-only on the soundtrack.

Perhaps the biggest changes Van Sant introduces to Psycho are his reworkings of the two murder scenes. First, in a variation on one of the most fetishized, frothed-over sequences to ever come out of American film, Van Sant offers Norman Bates onanistic relief and ends up blue-balling everybody else. By showing Bates masturbate as he watches Marion undress in the bathroom, Van Sant removes the psychosexual element from the murder, denying the murder as a form of sexual release. Further, Van Sant emphasizes the sterility of the bathroom (with blinding, hyper-saturated white lighting) and of Marion herself; Anne Heche’s already considerably-more-butch-than-Janet-Leigh appearance becomes downright androgynistic in the shower, and her extension of her right arm right before she collapses is cold and robotic, the kind of thing you might expect to see in a ‘90s music video about modern alienation or something, if you didn’t already know what the context of this was supposed to be.

Then there’s the inter-cutting into the stabbing sequence of surreal footage of rumbling clouds; the audacity of Van Sant’s fiddling with one of the most famously edited sequences ever, and the hilarious irony of his doing so in what’s meant to be a shot-for-shot remake, is too pungent to ignore; if the previous tip-offs weren’t enough, critics should sit up and take note here: something is up.

The surreal images added to the second murder scene are by the far the most haunting parts of the movie: a shot of a nude blindfolded woman, and a shot, through the windshield of a slowly-moving car, of a cow in the middle of a foggy road. These images are disturbing mainly because they’re so bizarre; these are the kind of things you might expect to see in Van Sant’s later “death trilogy,” not a campy retelling of Psycho. Their incongruities are what make them successful; having failed at making a Hitchcock film scary the same way Hitchcock did, Van Sant scares us on his terms and the only way he knows how. Against all odds, it’s a blistering mark of originality on a film that, conceptually, at least, is all about imitation.

Van Sant’s final subversion is a good ol’ “fuck you” to heteronormativity and the patriarchy: from Viggo Mortensen (playing Marion Crane’s boyfriend)’s bare ass displayed prominently in front of a window in the introductory hotel scene (Hitchock allegedly wanted to show Janet Leigh’s bare breasts; Van Sant gives us this instead), to Vince Vaughn (as Norman Bates)’s tight-pantsed ass placed lovingly in the center of the frame and wiggling from side to side every time he climbs a staircase; to Anne Heche (whose real-life homosexuality recalls Anthony Perkins’), who is more butch than Janet Leigh ever was; Van Sant queers our expectations of who is eroticized—and for what reason.

As Michael Korseky writes, Van Sant is “disinterested in Norman the weary androgyne[;] Van Sant makes him very distinctly a frustrated man.” Bates is no longer waifish and withdrawn, he’s well-musceled and intimidating, jerking off to a nude Marion and responding to the flirtations of her (lesbian!) sister. That these “subversions” are all more or less minor (ie. on a literal level, the film is still extremely similar to the original) is kind of the point: our realities, identities, standards of normalcy are malleable, and while the big picture might stay the same it’s the details that shade our perceptions.

Mysterious Dude
07-14-2008, 04:00 AM
She carries a parasol at the car dealer's! A parasol! And she's supposed to be poor!

balmakboor
07-14-2008, 01:18 PM
You are an excellent writer The MostGorgeousSituation. I love all the informal touches in your writing that keep it removed from the usual stuffy academic stuff. What is your intended audience for this piece? I look forward to reading the rest of it.

I too admire Van Sant's Psycho btw.

trotchky
07-15-2008, 02:52 AM
snip

Furthermore,

Reading his film through a queer-theoretical-lens might help us to understand just what (and why) Van Sant meant by all of this. Emanuel Levy, in Chapter 12 (“The New Gay & Lesbian Cinema”) of his book Cinema of Outsiders, establishes that “the crop of gay and lesbian indies” that came out of the New Queer Cinema (such as Todd Haynes’ Poison, Gregg Araki’s The Living End, and, hey, Gus Van Sant’s My Own Private Idaho) were rooted in “a Hollywood tradition, even if their strategy was to fracture the very foundations of that tradition”; Levy goes on to say that “the new films were counteractions, playing off Hollywood constructions and genres.”

If this tendency towards subversion, counteraction, and (Koresky again) “self-sabotage” can be said to be a defining characteristic of New Queer Cinema (and new queer cinema), then Van Sant’s Psycho is that characteristic made manifest, taken to its logical extreme and lobbed, flaming, down the gullet of an all-figured-out critical and commercial establishment.

His movie eradicates our assumptions (whether we’re conscious of them or not) about what Psycho is on virtually every level—from the implicit sexual gratification provided by a male-gazed-upon Marion Crane to vicarious thrill (sexual or otherwise) in Bates’ murders to the film’s function as a “horror movie” in the first place. Van Sant doesn’t mean to reject Hitchcock’s reality but to provide an alternative to it, and, further, to urge us to seek similar alternatives for ourselves.

Chapter 3 (“Queer: A Question of Being or A Question of Doing?”) of Nikki Sullivan’s A Critical Introduction to Queer Theory introduces the concept of poststructuralism and its pertinence to queer theory. Sullivan begins with a summary of poststructuralism as “a rejection, or at least a critique, of humanist logic and aspirations” and then goes on to cite poststructuralist thinkers like Michel Foucault, who argue that there are “no objective and universal truths, but that particular forms of knowledge, and the ways of being that they engender, become naturalised.”

Van Sant’s movie clearly comes from this school of thought, one which “is critical of universalizing explanations of the subject and the world,” one which argues that “what we perceive as truth is constructed as such in and through its conformity with universalizing accounts”—or “grand narratives”—of “subjectivity and sociality that govern particular cultures at particular times.”

If movie-realities are microcosmic, self-contained worlds then Van Sant’s Psycho ostensibly queers one of the most iconic—and, by extension, absolutely defined—movie-realities (and grandest narratives) of all time. In doing so Van Sant rejects the idea of “grand narratives,” instead insisting upon constant questioning, reevaluation, and reinterpretation. Van Sant knows that our conceptions of normalcy are constructed, and he means to call attention to that by fundamentally altering those constructions (the switch from Psycho as horror/suspense to candy-coated camp (itself a staple of queer identity), the subversion of male-gaze, etc.) without touching the underlying framework (hence the shot-for-shot angle).

This all comes down to a need among queer artists and audiences to define themselves in the face of a heteronormative entertainment industry that has traditionally marginalized their existence or ignored it outright. Going back to what Richard Barrios, in his Screened Out: Playing Gay in Hollywood, described as “coded” depictions of homosexuality in early Hollywood films, gay artists in the film industry have traditionally had to disguise, or “code,” their representations of queerness to get past long-in-the-tooth censors and a hungry-for-deviant-blood (all-)American public for the sake of an in-the-know queer audience able (and eager) to read the codes.

The history of queerness in cinema has been a history of hidden meanings and alternate identities (from Ben-Hur to Rock Hudson to Marlene Dietrich to Fight Club), of queer audiences searching for reflections of themselves and finding them in the form of subtle, sometimes-intentional, sometimes-not, subversions of the literal text.

With Psycho, Gus Van Sant continues this proud tradition, only now he rejects the established truth outright and interprets one more suited to his identity. With an auteurist command Van Sant lets us know that it’s time for the unheard and unnamed to seize the reigns; binaries, absolutes, and objectivity are only as limiting as we let them be, and with our differences, complexities, and ambiguities we can define our own art and our own world. Sweet.

trotchky
07-15-2008, 02:53 AM
You are an excellent writer The MostGorgeousSituation. I love all the informal touches in your writing that keep it removed from the usual stuffy academic stuff. What is your intended audience for this piece? I look forward to reading the rest of it.

I too admire Van Sant's Psycho btw.


Hey thanks! It's for a college class on queer cinema and is actually part of a larger essay about postmodern appropriation in the films of contemporary gay auteurs.

I really appreciate the feedback!

Dead & Messed Up
07-15-2008, 03:07 AM
The best thing that I can say is that your essay made me want to watch the remake again. The feeling passed, thank God, but it's well-written and certainly food for thought. I don't know that all those disparate elements you mention join together as well as your last paragraph suggests they do, but I'm intrigued by the possibility that the film has more on its mind than empty postmodernism (the masturbation always seemed appropriate).

Bosco B Thug
07-15-2008, 05:11 AM
Nice, I love Psycho '98 talk. And very well done! I agree the movie is terribly fascinating and, even if one can't proclaim it as very much of an achievement really, I agree it is a provocative, definitely "iconoclastic," bravely accommodative artistic statement that Van Sant should be admired for making. He takes a film about shaded motivations, psychologies made introverted, and outsider fears and shows even Hitchcock's "ahead-of-his-timeness" can take on an even more contemporary shading of alternative "confusions."

To be honest, though, I'm not sure how much import can ultimately be derived from this "camping up," but I'm glad Van Sant got to do it as a personal outlet for himself and queer cinema (something you cover very well in Part 2 of your essay) and yes, the whole affair is just so wonderfully amusing and comfortably open-minded, in a "Dumbledore's gay!" sort of way.

balmakboor
07-15-2008, 02:11 PM
I once read that Van Sant wanted to make a series of copies of Psycho with different casts. Personally, I think that would've been cool. Kinda like Warhol's series of Elvis's.

Psycho seems to be a popular choice for modern artists to play with. I read in Film Comments a while back about 24 Hour Psycho. It is Hitchcock's film slowed down so it takes 24 hours to play. It's shown in museums. I wouldn't mind watching that for a bit, kinda like Warhol's Empire or Sleep would be fun, for a bit.

Ezee E
07-15-2008, 04:45 PM
I once read that Van Sant wanted to make a series of copies of Psycho with different casts. Personally, I think that would've been cool. Kinda like Warhol's series of Elvis's.

Psycho seems to be a popular choice for modern artists to play with. I read in Film Comments a while back about 24 Hour Psycho. It is Hitchcock's film slowed down so it takes 24 hours to play. It's shown in museums. I wouldn't mind watching that for a bit, kinda like Warhol's Empire or Sleep would be fun, for a bit.
You could. Just pop in the DVD and put it in slow-motion.

It'll be silly, but, have fun!

Wryan
07-15-2008, 05:22 PM
I noticed one or two things, editing-wise:

"queer-theoretical-lens"...I don't think it needs the second hyphen. You are creating/coining a lens, of the queer-theory variety. Just "queer-theoretical lens" would probably work. You could simplify it further by writing "queer theory lens," without any hyphens at all. No hyphens there because "queer theory" can act as a single unit in the same way that "dry goods store" is not hyphenated.

Depending on what style you are using (MLA or Chicago?), words that end in "s" still take an apostrophe+s at the end. Yes, even "Jesus's." Noticed it in Haynes'.

"Crayola palette" doesn't need a hyphen, nor does "camps up," "neon green rendition," and a few others.

I didn't read the whole thing for content, just a few things that jumped out at me while I was lunching. I dunno if I can read the whole thing right now, and I can't read it at home since I don't have a connection there.